| Issue |
Nat. Sci. Soc.
Volume 33, Number 2, Avril/Juin 2025
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Page(s) | 159 - 169 | |
| DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2025047 | |
| Published online | 26 September 2025 | |
Regular Article
Réflexion sur la nature des eaux-ressources à partir de la notion de zone critique. Illustrations en Afrique de l’Ouest
Reflecting on the nature of resource waters based on the notion of critical zone. Illustrations from West Africa
Socioanthropologie, CNRS, UMR GET, Toulouse, France
* Auteur correspondant : fabrice.gangneron@get.omp.eu
Reçu :
7
Décembre
2023
Accepté :
10
Décembre
2024
La communauté des sciences de l’environnement a érigé en concept la « zone critique ». Elle est cette fine couche d’atmosphère et de sol où se produisent toutes les interactions… critiques pour la vie. Mais la zone critique reste un paradigme naturaliste pour lequel 1) il y a ressource lorsqu’il y a de l’eau ; 2) les activités anthropiques sont des perturbations du paradigme. Cet article discute de cette approche avec les outils de la géographie relationnelle, de la political ecology, de la sociohydrologie et de la sociologie des techniques. Il propose une déconstruction de l’eau comme ressource naturelle, appliquée à l’Afrique de l’Ouest. Cette déconstruction vise au décloisonnement des savoirs sur l’eau permettant de revisiter des concepts tels que « petits cycles » et « grands cycles » au profit de celui de cycle « hydrosocial », de développer l’idée de coproduction humains/non-humains des ressources en eau et de discuter l’articulation entre la rareté de « l’eau-fluide » et la pénurie de « l’eau-ressource ».
Abstract
In West Africa, as in France, water is referred to as a ‘natural resource’, a notion that is relatively unexamined in public debate and academic circles. The environmental scientific community, and hydrologists in particular, introduced the concept of the ‘critical zone’. This is the thin layer of atmosphere and soil where all the interactions… critical to life take place. It is therefore meant to be multidisciplinary. Nevertheless, the critical zone remains a naturalistic paradigm for which 1) there is a resource when there is water 2) anthropogenic activities are disturbances to the paradigm. This article proposes to discuss this approach, while demonstrating the critical zone community’s initiatives in the direction of a more holistic and therefore more widely multidisciplinary paradigm, in which the human sciences take their place. Using the tools of relational geography, political ecology, the sociology of technology and socio-hydrology, this article proposes a deconstruction of the notion of natural resource as applied to water. This deconstruction allows us to revisit concepts such as small cycles and large cycles in favor of the among hydrologists little known ‘hydrosocial’ cycle, and to disconnect the matter of water-fluid scarcity (or abundance) from that of water-resource scarcity.
Mots clés : ressources naturelles / eaux-ressources / zone critique / hydrosocial / coproduction
Key words: natural resources / water resources / critical zone / hydrosocial / coproduction
© F. Gangneron, Hosted by EDP Sciences
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License CC-BY (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, except for commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited.
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