Issue |
Nat. Sci. Soc.
Volume 20, Number 2, avril-juin 2012
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 167 - 180 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2012017 | |
Published online | 19 September 2012 |
L’enjeu d’un droit négocié pour le Parc amazonien de Guyane
Designing a negotiated law for the French Guiana Amazonian Park
1
Anthropo-juriste de l’environnement, IRD, UMR ESPACE-DEV,
34093
Montpellier,
France
2
Géographe, IRD, UMR ESPACE-DEV, 34093
Montpellier,
France
Auteur correspondant : O. Barrière, olivier.barriere@ird.fr
Reçu : 27 Mars 2010
Accepté : 9 Septembre 2011
La rénovation législative des parcs nationaux conduit à s’interroger sur la nature du droit dans les aires protégées. Serait-il concevable de penser la formation d’un droit davantage négocié qu’imposé? La question peut légitimement se poser dans le cas du Parc amazonien de Guyane (PAG), qui intègre en zone d’adhésion plusieurs communautés autochtones et locales exprimant une diversité socioculturelle et une altérité prononcée. Le droit commun se conjugue ainsi avec un droit né de la pratique et endogène aux groupes. Cette situation nous amène à réfléchir sur une articulation entre les deux systèmes juridiques (droit positif et droit endogène) à partir de l’exemple de la communauté amérindienne des Wayana. Nous adoptons l’hypothèse d’un processus intégrateur des régulations superposées, celles « par le bas » et celles « par le haut », au moyen de la négociation. Celle-ci conduit à définir un droit négocié, résultat d’un syncrétisme de modèles de comportement « d’être » et de « devoir-être » concerté dans une perspective interculturelle.
Abstract
In protected areas the relationship of people with their environment is defined by the stated objectives of ensuring a form of cohabitation designed to achieve “harmonization” between nature and society. Juridical regulations, however, result in involving a greater number of managers from outside the areas considered than of stakeholders living there. The amendment of French national parks legislation raises the question of the nature of law in protected areas. Could a law that is negotiated rather than imposed be envisaged? The question may legitimately be raised for the French Guiana Amazonian Park in which several indigenous and local communities displaying a marked socio-cultural diversity are included in the “adhesion area”. The law is faced here with another law born out of the practice of endogenous groups. This situation raises questions about establishing a link between the two legal systems (positive law and endogenous law). We start from the assumption of an integrating process of overlapping regulations, i.e. those from the “bottom” and those from the “top” through negotiation. The notion of “negotiated law”, which in the present case is to be forged for the French Guiana Amazonian Park, may be defined and justified by three considerations, taking the Amerindian Wayana community as an example: a) introduction of a law faced with socio-cultural legitimacy; b) integration of the endogenous dimension in coining the law, and c) negotiation of a formalized relationship between practices, local representations and Republican logic. Negotiation led to defining a negotiated law resulting from a syncretism of “being” and “should be” behavioural models coordinated in an intercultural perspective.
Mots clés : droit négocié / pluralisme juridique / Parc amazonien de Guyane / territoire / Wayana
Key words: negotiated law / legal pluralism / French Guiana Amazonian Park / territory / Wayana
© NSS-Dialogues, EDP Sciences 2012
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