Issue |
Nat. Sci. Soc.
Volume 21, Number 1, janvier-mars 2013
|
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Page(s) | 24 - 34 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2013062 | |
Published online | 28 June 2013 |
La participation, une légitimité en question
Participation: legitimacy in question
Géographe, INRA, SAD UMR DYNAFOR, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
Auteur correspondant : cecile.barnaud@toulouse.inra.fr
La légitimité des démarches participatives est une question récurrente mais rarement abordée de front, qui présente des dimensions à la fois sociales, culturelles et scientifiques. Cet article interroge en particulier la légitimité sociale de ces démarches dont la neutralité est illusoire, et dont les animateurs sont confrontés à un dilemme lorsque se pose la question de leur positionnement vis-à-vis des asymétries de pouvoir. En effet, celui qui adopte une posture neutre risque de voir les acteurs les plus influents dominer le processus, mais d'un autre côté, celui qui intervient en faveur des acteurs les moins influents n’en a pas forcément la légitimité. Adoptant une démarche de recherche impliquée, ce travail propose et met à l’épreuve sur deux terrains une posture d’accompagnement critique qui tente de surmonter ce dilemme, en concevant la légitimité comme le fruit d’une coconstruction, en explicitant ses partis-pris pour qu’ils puissent être remis en cause. L’analyse réflexive de ces deux expériences nous permet de débattre des limites de cette posture et d’approfondir la question de la légitimité sociale de la participation, tout en interrogeant ses dimensions culturelles et scientifiques.
Abstract
Participatory approaches are widely used nowadays, but some questions regarding their legitimacy remain poorly addressed. The legitimacy of participatory processes involves several dimensions: legitimacy of the persons driving the processes, legitimacy of the tools they use, legitimacy of the knowledge they produce, etc. This paper aims to question the social legitimacy of these participatory processes, considering that their neutrality is illusionary, especially regarding the way to deal with power asymmetries among stakeholders. On the one hand, those who adopt a neutral position run the risk of being manipulated by the most powerful local stakeholders while on the other hand those who voluntarily empower the powerless stakeholders rarely have the legitimacy to do so. In the face of this dilemma, our paper examines the testing of a “critical companion posture” which recognizes the need to take into account the local stakeholders’ power games to avoid the risk of increasing initial inequalities, and which considers legitimacy the result of a co-construction process: the designer should attempt to make explicit all his/her underlying assumptions so that local stakeholders can choose to accept them as legitimate or to reject them. The paper draws on the experimentation and reflexive analysis of two companion modelling processes conducted with this critical posture in the highlands of Northern Thailand. The discussion about the limits of this posture allows us to delve further into the question of the social legitimacy of participation. These two experiments also enable us to address the cultural and scientific dimensions of this legitimacy.
Mots clés : environnement / gouvernance / participation / pouvoir / réflexivité
Key words: environment / governance / participation / power / reflexivity
© NSS-Dialogues, EDP Sciences 2013
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