Open Access
Tab. 1
Presentation of the six case studies.
| 1. Game and references | 2. Socio-ecosystem at stake | 3. Collaboration between researchers and local stakeholders | 4. Game objectives | 5. Inclusion of ecological issues in the game |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Secoloz (Moreau, 2019; Moreau et al., 2019) | Grasslands and open landscapes on Mont-Lozère (Cévennes, southern France). Participants: breeders and national park workers. | A facilitation tool co-constructed by researchers and local national park managers. | Facilitating stakeholder discussions about ecosystem service management in open landscapes to explore opportunities for collective action by increasing awareness about social and ecological interdependencies. | Impacts of three farming practices (rock removal, meadow ploughing, and pasturing) on trade-offs among ecosystem services (fodder production, aesthetic and heritage value of landscapes, water quality, biodiversity by protecting two emblematic birds living in permanent meadows). |
| CapBiomasse | Fictive territory on the periphery of a large city. Participants: farmers, treatment plant manager, local elected official, and agri-food manager. | A research and teaching tool developed with researchers and UNESCO’s ‘Man and Biosphere’ network. | Working on the energy transition of territories by developing cooperation between stakeholders and new infrastructure to optimize energy use of agricultural, agri-food, and urban biomass. | Three real-time indicators monitor the impact of players’ choices for biomass on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, production of renewable energies, and agronomic value of the soil. |
| AdaptaMeije | Subalpine grasslands in the French Alps. Participants: local inhabitants and agricultural, institutional, tourism, and conservation representatives. | A research and facilitation tool to reflect with local actors on their adaptation to climate change by 2040. | Organizing workshops to collectively develop a desired vision of the territory and then build a SG to understand how stakeholders interact and develop good practices to reach this goal. | Few ecological aspects were included in the game: climatic data, vole and wolf population dynamics, grassland responses to management actions. |
| Foster Forest (Fouqueray et al., 2022) | Temperate forests in northern France. Participants: private and public forest managers, forest owners. | Initially only a research tool but later used by local forest stakeholders to organize prospective workshops. | Observing interpersonal dynamics in a participatory arena where foresters, faced with increasing climatic hazards, can innovate to design non-technical adaptation measures. | Tree inventories are simulated using a forest growth model from the ecological sciences. The model parameters gradually account for climate change. Players can access a biodiversity program based on the conservation of old-growth trees. |
| BiOffset (Latune, 2018) | Terrestrial ecosystems impacted by the development of three high-speed railways (southern France). Participants: farmland owners, authorities, construction companies, environmental organizations. | A research tool designed from previous field studies (no co-construction with actors). | Avoiding, reducing, and offsetting biodiversity loss to achieve a ‘no net loss of biodiversity’ on the territory represented by the game board. | The autecology of several species governs the evolution of population indicators and distribution areas, which are also affected by players’ actions. Their actions influence ecosystem service indicators (e.g., pollination, water purification). |
| BotNidVeau (Hardy et al., 2020) | Wet grasslands in western France. Participants: breeders, naturalists, wetland protection managers. | A research tool initiated by researchers and co-constructed with local stakeholders involved in wetland management. | Studying the compromise between agricultural production, biodiversity conservation, and water management objectives in agricultural territories. | The biophysical processes affected by climatic factors and players’ decisions are water flow, grass growth, birds nesting, and reproducing. Three bird species represent bird abundance and its interaction with farming practices. Their dynamics depend on direct cattle and/or mowing disturbances as well as habitat quality in terms of water and grass levels. |
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