Issue |
Natures Sciences Sociétés
Volume 18, Number 1, janvier-mars 2010
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 14 - 23 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2010004 | |
Published online | 17 May 2010 |
Science réglementaire et démocratie technique
Réflexion à partir de la gestion des pénuries d'eau
Regulatory science and technical democracy
A reflection based on water shortage management in France
1
Sociologue, ENGEES, UMR Gestion des services publics,
1 quai Koch, BP 61039, 67070 Strasbourg cedex, France
2
Anthropologue, IRD, UMR G-EAU, Maison des sciences
de l'eau, 300 avenue Émile Jeanbrau, BP 64501,
34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
3
Sciences de l'eau, CEMAGREF, UMR
G-EAU, 361 rue Jean-François Breton, BP 5095, 34196 Montpellier cedex,
France
Auteur de correspondance : jeanne.riaux@ird.fr
L'infrastructure sociotechnique nécessaire à la mise en œuvre des politiques environnementales recèle un véritable contenu politique : elle cadre et influence l'orientation et les effets de l'action publique, souvent de manière implicite. Une perspective normative de gouvernance démocratique demande de la rendre discutable. Nous abordons les problématiques relatives à cette mise en discussion dans le cas de la gestion des pénuries d'eau en France. Dans un premier temps, nous décrivons la mise en place de cette infrastructure et qualifions cette activité en mobilisant le concept de science réglementaire. Nous identifions ensuite les formes de critique mobilisées par les acteurs de l'eau au sein des comités sécheresse. Nous proposons enfin un outil, la chaîne opératoire, pour rendre visibles et discutables la structure et le fonctionnement de l'infrastructure, et plus généralement la science réglementaire dont elle est issue. Cet outil permet de dépasser les formes de critique observées et de prendre en charge collectivement la tension entre principe de justice et principe d'adaptation aux conditions locales.
Abstract
The sociotechnical infrastructure required to implement environmental policies has a definite political content: it frames and influences public action, most often in an implicit way. In this paper we take a normative stance on democratic governance, which raises the need for making this infrastructure debatable. We focus on the specific case of drought management in France, which has developed an infrastructure that consists of zoning, measurement networks and threshold definition for critical flows in order to be able to assess a current hydrological situation in any place and to associate it to a specific crisis level. First we identify the various criticisms voiced by stakeholders in drought committees such as challenging the infrastructure's technical validity, setting out its inadequacy to a specific context, disqualifying its use due to the gap between science and the existing practice. We then suggest introducing a tool borrowed from the anthropology of techniques: the operational chain. We propose to use it to render explicit and debatable the infrastructure, its structure and content and on top of that the “regulatory science” which it stems from. This tool entails overcoming the various forms of criticism observed as well as dealing collectively with the tension between principles of justice and adaptation to local conditions. We argue that it may also provide a medium to associate lay people in the development or the revision of the infrastructure itself.
Mots clés : pénurie d'eau / anthropologie des techniques / sociologie des sciences / chaîne opératoire / France
Key words: water scarcity / anthropology of techniques / social science studies / operational chain / France
© NSS Dialogues, EDP Sciences, 2010
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