Issue |
Nat. Sci. Soc.
Volume 23, Number 2, avril-juin 2015
Dossier : « À propos des relations natures/sociétés »
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 97 - 108 | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/nss/2015033 | |
Published online | 08 July 2015 |
La fabrique des catastrophes « naturelles »
The making of “natural” disasters
1
Géographe, IDDRI,
75337
Paris Cedex 07,
France
2
Géographe, Université de la Rochelle, UMR 7266 LIENSs,
17000
La Rochelle,
France
Auteur correspondant : A. Magnan,
alexandre.magnan@iddri.org
Ce texte s’attache à mettre en évidence les causes profondes de la vulnérabilité des sociétés aux aléas naturels en exposant les facteurs et les processus qui transforment un simple phénomène naturel en catastrophe. À partir de trois études de cas (le tsunami de 2004 aux Maldives, Katrina en 2005 aux États-Unis, Xynthia en 2010 en France), les auteurs montrent le rôle de quatre grands facteurs, identifiés comme étant universels, dans la fabrique des catastrophes « naturelles » : la conquête d’espaces exposés aux aléas météomarins, la dégradation des zones tampons naturelles, le « mythe du développement sûr » et la perte des liens que les sociétés entretiennent avec leur environnement.
Abstract
To contribute an explanation for the increasing number of natural disasters, occurring especially in coastal areas, this paper highlights their root causes, i.e. the drivers and processes that make natural events, such as storms or tsunamis, turn into disasters due to the adverse impacts they have on human societies. Based on case studies, the authors identify four key and universal factors driving the generation of natural disasters throughout the world: the settlement of areas that are highly exposed to natural hazards, the degradation of natural buffers, the “myth of safe development” and the loss of environmental knowledge. The three case studies presented here illustrate the processes by which these drivers produce a “risk system” that will make a natural hazard generate a natural disaster: Tropical Cyclone Katrina in the United States (2005), the Xynthia Storm in France (2010) and the Sumatra Tsunami in the Maldives (2004). Based on the lessons learnt from these case studies, this paper outlines key principles for action, arguing in particular that tackling the root causes of current vulnerability is therefore a pragmatic pathway to implement adaptation to climate change.
Mots clés : catastrophes naturelles / risques littoraux / vulnérabilité / adaptation au changement climatique / tempêtes / cyclones / tsunamis
Key words: natural disaster / coastal risks / vulnerability / adaptation to climate change / storms / tropical cyclones / tsunamis
© NSS-Dialogues, EDP Sciences 2015
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