Issue |
Natures Sciences Sociétés
Volume 15, Number 3, Juillet-Septembre 2007
|
|
---|---|---|
Page(s) | 233 - 244 | |
Section | Article | |
DOI | https://doi.org/10.1051/nss:2007056 | |
Published online | 29 November 2007 |
Le brûlage dirigé dans le Mercantour : savoirs pratiques, relations sociales et processus de décision
Prescribed-burning in Mercantour: practical knowledge, social relations and decision-processes.
1
Biologiste, Office national de la chasse et de la faune sauvage,
CADAM, Préfecture est, 89 route de Grenoble, 06286 Nice cedex 3, France
2
Sociologue, École normale supérieure et Centre d'études
de l'emploi, ENS, 48 boulevard Jourdan, 75014 Paris, France
Après son institutionnalisation pour répondre au risque d'incendie lié à la déprise rurale, le brûlage dirigé est aujourd'hui requalifié comme technique d'ouverture du milieu, pour favoriser les activités pastorales et la biodiversité. Une enquête, réalisée dans le Mercantour en 2004-2005, met en évidence les spécificités de cette pratique dans chacun des deux départements du massif, les conditions de l'émergence d'un consensus entre praticiens de l'environnement et l'importance, pour la résolution d'un conflit local, des savoirs sociaux et relationnels et des rapports de force politiques à différentes échelles. Les auteurs, une sociologue utilisant la méthode ethnographique et une biologiste, préconisent des dispositifs de recherche interdisciplinaire pour étudier les objets de l'écologie et, dans le cas présenté ici, pour promouvoir une vision synthétique des zones susceptibles d'être réouvertes à l'échelle du massif du Mercantour.
Abstract
Prescribed-burning appeared in France in the 1980's in order to mitigate fire risk, which is itself related to rural abandonment and a calling into question of shepherds' collective skills. Another purpose of prescribed-burning is the opening of landscapes to favor grazing management and the maintenance of biodiversity. A survey undertaken in the Mercantour in 2004-2005 by a sociologist and a biologist, brings to the fore the institutional and social specificities of this practice in a mountain range located on two departments, the Alpes-Maritimes where burning is carried out by a corps of foresters-firemen, and the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, where such a corps does not exist. The analysis of a conflict revolving around a prescribed-burning request, between a mayor and an intermittent resident, both hunters, and the study of the political and administrative modalities of its resolution, sheds light on the social conditions of emergence of a consensus between the different environmental practitioners, professionals and amateurs, and shows the importance of political power relations at different scales and of the different types of knowledge: practical knowledge on nature whose possessors benefit from a mutual recognition, without any consideration of professional status or school or administrative certificate, but also relational and social skills, related to the detailed knowledge of institutional procedures and local political issues. In conclusion, the authors recommend the drawing up of interdisciplinary research plans to study the objects of ecology and to question the absence of any synthetic view of areas that could be re-opened at the scale of the Mercantour range.
Mots clés : brûlage dirigé / montagnes méditerranéennes / interdisciplinarité / méthode ethnographique / gestion de l'environnement
Key words: Prescribed-burning / Mediterranean mountains / interdisciplinarity / ethnographic method / range management
© NSS-Dialogues, EDP Sciences, 2007
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