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Le concept d'adaptation : polysémie interdisciplinaire et implication pour les changements climatiques
The concept of adaptation: interdisciplinary scope and implication in environmental sciences
Guillaume Simonet
Sciences de l'environnement, OURANOS, 550 Sherbrooke Ouest,
Tour Ouest, 19e étage, Montréal (Québec) H3A 1B9,
Canada
Auteur de correspondance :
simonet.guillaume@ouranos.ca
En renvoyant à un processus évolutif et à une finalité temporaire, l'adaptation présente une dualité sémantique aux diverses interprétations au sein des disciplines l'ayant portée au rang de concept. Cette ambivalence provient de la fracture épistémologique générée au XIXe siècle par la théorie de l'évolution, qui heurta la conception établie de la Création. L'échelle temporelle de l'évolution comporte une abstraction située hors de portée des perceptions humaines immédiates, complexifiant les représentations et amplifiant les débats autour de l'adaptation. L'intérêt porté au concept d'adaptation est croissant en sciences de l'environnement du fait de l'accélération des changements globaux, comme en témoigne l'émergence des réflexions sur l'adaptation aux changements climatiques. Néanmoins, la mise en œuvre pratique de mesures d'adaptation se heurte à plusieurs barrières mal définies, notamment du fait de l'ambiguïté de sa définition. L'article a pour objectif de contribuer aux réflexions issues des considérations qu'impliquent les notions interdisciplinaires inhérentes au concept d'adaptation.
Abstract
Adaptation refers both to a process and its outcome, leading to much interpretation and debate. The origin of this semantic duality is related to the epistemological rupture occurred during the 19th Century from the collision between an emerging Theory of Evolution and the established Creationism. The temporal scale of Evolution is an abstract concept outside the realm of immediate human perception which makes the adaptation debate more complex. Though, adaptation became a central concept in several major disciplines of social as psychology, anthropology or geography as well as many fields of biology. In each discipline, environment is strongly linked to the concept of adaptation. Environmental sciences are in the intersection of natural and social sciences and have a strong interdisciplinary feature as adaptation does. That's why, because of the acceleration of global environmental and socioeconomic change, there is a growing interest in adaptation in the environmental science. Climate change is one of the major topics concerned by adaptation, since the theme became a priority in research and politic agenda. But implementation of adaptation to climate change faces to barriers, in particular due to its unclear definition. The objective of this paper is to contribute to greater understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of the concept of adaptation in the climate change through a comprehensive and interdisciplinary review of the literature.
Mots clés : adaptation / environnement / interdisciplinarité / concept / changements climatiques
Key words: adaptation / environment / interdisciplinary / concept / climate change
© NSS Dialogues, EDP Sciences, 2009
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